Nephrology 2018

Call for Papers

Session 1 : Nephrology

Nephron is the functional entity of the kidney. Each kidney consists about several millions of these nephrons. The specific function of the nephron is to remove from the blood plasma certain end products of metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine, and any excess sodium, chloride, and potassium ions. By allowing for reabsorption of water and some electrolytes back into the blood, the nephron also plays a vital role to keep up the normal fluid balance in the body.

·        Basic nephrology

·        Clinical nephrology

·        Nephronophthisis

·        Nephroptosis

·        IgA nephropathy

·        Nephrotoxicity

Session 2 : Dialysis

Dialysis is a treatment that takes over your kidney functions if those organs stop doing their job. If you have chronic kidney disease, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant at some point. There are two types of dialysis.

·         Haemodialysis

·         Peritoneal dialysis

·         Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

·         Automated peritoneal dialysis

Session 3 : Renal Nutrition and Metabolism

Renal nutrition is necessary to improve the efficiency of the dialysis in the patients. Dialysis clinics have dieticians to help the patient plan their meals. Low sodium and increased content of proteins along with limited amount of phosphorous is usually suggested. The chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material assimilates is known as Metabolism. So the person should take care of his/her diet to keep up a healthy metabolism.

·        Nutrition therapy

·        Chronic kidney disease diet

·        Diet with kidney failure

·        Pre-dialysis renal diet

Session 4 : Clinical and Pediatric Nephrology

Clinical nephrology is the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, treatment for kidney problems and renal replacement therapy including dialysis and kidney transplantation. Whereas, paediatric nephrology specializes in the diagnosis and management of children with a variety of acute and chronic kidney-related kidney diseases.

·        Renal biopsy

·        Ultrasonography

·        Increases creatinine levels

·        Blood urea nitrogen

Session 5 : Kidney Transplant

###parteries and veins of the recipient body, and the ureter from the donor kidney is connected to the recipient's bladder. Blood will be then able to flow through the donor kidney, and the kidney will begin to filter and remove wastes besides producing urine. There are several kinds of kidney diseases which can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition in which the kidneys fail to work normally. People with kidney failure need to receive dialysis or a kidney transplant.

·        Acute kidney failure 

·        Chronic kidney failure 

·        Pediatric renal transplantation

·        Dual kidney transplantation

·        Acute renal allograft rejection

Session 6 : Genetic Disorders of Kidney

Kidney diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease to problems with the shape or size of the kidneys (anatomic disorders), while other kidney diseases interfere with the inner workings of the kidneys (metabolic disorders). Most metabolic kidney disorders are rare, since they are to be inherited from both parents. Some kidney diseases caused by inflammation of the kidneys, called nephritis. This might be due to an infection or to an autoimmune reaction where the body's immune or defence system attacks and damages the kidneys. The most common causes of kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, and hardening of the arteries (which damage the blood vessels in the kidney). Other common causes of kidney failure include certain medications that could be toxic to kidney tissue, and blockages of the system that drains the kidneys.

·        Alport syndrome

·        Tubulopathy

·        Renal agenesis

·        Cystinosis

Session 7 : Acute Kidney Failure Symptoms

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body. AKI can also affect other organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Acute kidney injury is common in patients who are in the hospital, in intensive care units, and especially in older adults. The following symptoms may occur with acute kidney failure. Some people have no symptoms, at least in the early stages. The symptoms can be very subtle.

·        Decreased urine production

·        Body swelling

·        Problems concentrating

·        Confusion

·        Fatigue

·        Lethargy

·        Nausea, vomiting

·        Diarrhea

·        Abdominal pain

·        Metallic taste in the mouth

Session 8 : Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms

Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which kidney gets damaged and its ability to perform its work decreases. In worse conditions, wastes can build to high levels in your blood leading to sickness. Complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count), weak bones, poor nutritional health and nerve damage can be observed. Also, kidney disease increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. These problems may happen slowly over along period of time. This disease might be due to diabetes, high blood pressure or other disorders. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. If not it progresses eventually with time leading to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.

·        A poor appetite

·        Weight loss

·        Muscle cramps

·        Being pale due to anaemia

·        Blood in the urine

·        Kidney failure

·        Severe decrease in kidney function

Session 9 : Diagnosis

Unless the kidneys are swollen or there's a tumour, your doctor can't usually check for disease by feeling the kidneys. Instead, your doctor might test the urine and blood, take a scan of the kidneys, and test samples of kidney tissue. A routine urine test, called a urinalysis, checks for protein, sugar, blood, and ketones (created when the body breaks down fat). The urine tested with a dipstick, which is a thin piece of plastic covered with chemicals that react when they touch substances in the urine. Your doctor will also check for red and white blood cells in the urine during a urinalysis (the urine is examined under a microscope). Depending on the suspected cause of the kidney problem, other tests may also be done.

·        Renal biopsy

·        Angiography

·        Intravenous pyelogram

·        Creatinine clearance test

Session 10 : Diabetes (Diabetic Kidney Disease)

Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease. About 1 out of 4 adults with diabetes has kidney disease. Diabetic kidney disease is also called DKD, chronic kidney disease, CKD, kidney disease of diabetes, or diabetic nephropathy. High blood glucose, also called blood sugar, can damage the blood vessels in your kidneys. The damaged blood vessels don’t work as well. Many people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure, which can also damage your kidneys.

·        Diabetes mellitus

·        Diabetes insipidus

·        Diabetic retinopathy

·        Diabetic amyotrophy

Session 11 : Anaemia and Kidney Failure

###banaemia, red blood cells carry less oxygen to tissues and organs—particularly the heart and brain—and those tissues and organs may not function as well as they should. Anaemia commonly occurs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD)—the permanent, partial loss of kidney function. Anaemia might begin to develop in the early stages of CKD, when someone has 20 to 50% of normal kidney function. Anaemia tends to worsen as CKD progresses. Most people who have total loss of kidney function, or kidney failure, have anaemia. A person has kidney failure when he or she needs a kidney transplant or dialysis to live. Some of the symptoms include the following.

·        Weakness

·        Fatigue

·        Headaches

·        Paleness

·        Dizziness

·        Shortness of breath

·        Chest pain

Session 12: The Kidney-Heart Connection

The heart pumps blood filled with oxygen through all parts of your body, including the kidneys. The kidneys clean the blood, removing waste products and extra water. Without the kidneys, your blood would have too much waste and water. Without the heart, your kidneys would not have the oxygen filled blood needed to do its many important jobs. Without the help of your kidneys, the heart would be working too hard or would not function at all. A healthy functioning cardiovascular system is important for your kidneys to their job. When your heart or kidneys cannot function normally, it can lead to Cardiovascular disease (heart disease) or kidney disease.

·        Hypertension

·        Diabetic Kidney Disease

·        Lupus

·        High Blood Pressure

Session 13: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Kidney Diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. RA has many health consequences, and evidence suggests that a higher risk of kidney disease is one of them. One type of kidney problem found in people with longstanding RA is amyloidosis. In this condition, a special type of protein gets deposited that causes kidney failure.

·        Drug toxicity

·        Amyloidosis

·        Inflammation

·        Tylenol (generic acetaminphen )

·        Hypertension

Session 14: Kidney Stones

Urine has many dissolved minerals and salts. When your urine has high levels of these minerals and salts, you can form stones. Kidney stones can start small but can grow larger in size, even filling the inner hollow structures of the kidney. Some stones stay in the kidney, and do not cause any problems. Sometimes, the kidney stone can travel down the ureter, the tube between the kidney and the bladder. If the stone reaches the bladder, they pass out of the body in urine. If the stone becomes lodged in the ureter, it blocks the urine flow from that kidney and causes pain. Kidney stones come in many different types and colours. How you treat them and stop new stones from forming depends on what type of stone you have. They might be calcium stones, uric acid stones and rarely cysteine stones.

·        Continuous urination

·        Backward flow of urine

·        Urinary infections

·        High urine calcium levels

·        Sarcoidosis

·        Bacterial infections

Session 15 : Polycystic Kidney Disease

PKD is one of the major kidney diseases which are genetic or inherited. It is not so common in babies and children. In this disease fluid filled pouches or cysts are found in the kidney but can also be observed in other organs like liver, spleen and pancreas. The type of PKD passed from parent to child by an autosomal dominant type of inheritance is known as autosomal dominant PKD or ADPKD. It indicates that only one copy of abnormal gene is the cause of the disease. Therefore there is a 50-50 chance for the child to develop the disease if one of the parent suffers from it.

·        Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD)

·        Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD)

·        Renal replacement therapy

Session 16 : Glomerulonephritis

Glomeruli is a region of kidney that filters blood. A group of diseases injure the glomeruli which leads to glomerulonephritis. This disease can often be categorised as acute and chronic nephritis. It might be due to infections like strep throat. It can be diagnosed by finding protein and blood cells in the urine. Kidney biopsy is also a method for diagnosis in which a tiny piece of patient’s kidney would be taken with a special needle and observed under a microscope.

·        Nephrotic syndrome

·        Nephritic syndrome

·        Minimal change disease

·        Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

·        Membranous glomerulonephritis.

·        Thin basement membrane disease

·        IgA nephropathy

·        Post-infectious.

Session 17: Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma can also be called as hypernephroma, renal adenocarcinoma. It is most commonly known as renal or kidney cancer. It results when cancer cells grow indefinitely along the lining of the tubules of the kidney. It is most common in men between the age 50-70. The patient might be symptom free in the early stages but encounters symptoms like the following.

·        Moderate decrease in kidney function

·        Severe decrease in kidney function

·        Kidney failure

·        Lump in abdomen

·        Blood in urine

·        Unexpected weight loss

·        Loss of appetite

·        Fatigue

Session 18 : Treatment

Diseases related to kidneys are usually progressive with time and the damage cannot be undone. Therefore early detection of them is very much necessary. It is also important as kidney diseases alter the risk of heart diseases and heart strokes. Patients with diabetes need to check their glucose levels regularly with right devices. Also controlling hypertension is an important for patients with kidney diseases. There are several types of medicine that help people keep their blood pressure in a healthy range.

In case of kidney failure the treatments to be undertaken are dialysis either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplants. Many researchers are working on the kidney diseases to find out the effective ways of treating the kidney diseases. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) gives great support to these researchers.

·        Hemofiltration

·        Dialysis

·        Peritoneal dialysis

Session 19 : Nephrectomy

Nephrectomy is a surgery performed to remove a part or entire kidney. It can be performed in 3 different ways.

·        Radial nephrectomy

·        Partial nephrectomy

·        Simple nephrectomy

·         ACEi (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors)

·         ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)

There are different types of surgery:

·        Open surgery kidney

·        Laparoscopic surgery

·        Kidney-sparing surgery

·        Nephrectomy

Session 20 : Renal Support Network

RSN is an American non profit, kidney patient-focused, kidney patient-run organization that works to benefit individuals affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). RSN's mission is to help patients develop their personal coping skills, special talents, and employability by educating and empowering them (and their family members) to take control of the course and management of the disease. A vital role of RSN is to provide lawmakers and policymakers with the patients’ perspective on the needs and capabilities of people with CKD. RSN does this through their Wellness & Education Kidney Advocacy Network (weKAN).

·        Kidney times

·        Kidney talks

·        PEPP patient speakers program

·        Kidney disease health library 

for more details about conference please visit: Nephrology 2018