The 4th USM-ICOSS is organized by the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The main mission of the School of Social Sciences is to promote the advancement of knowledge aimed to understand and facilitate desirable social transformation. This mission is achieved through an extensive programme of research, publication, teaching and intellectual collaboration. The 4th USM-ICOSS is a part of the School’s effort to showcase research activities and output to promote more intellectual collaborations with other researchers and practitioners outside of the School and Universiti Sains Malaysia.