In the past decade, the Middle East has experienced significant changes. Following the regional upheavals that were expressed in protests, violent acts, and the retirement of several long-time rulers, the time has come to discuss old and new issues in a fragile and unstable reality. Questions such as the future of the nation-state, regional and tribal identities, human rights, power struggles between Sunna and Shia, the awakening of Salafism, and the creation of alliances between different actors are only part of the region’s new reality.